ENGLISH LANGUAGE
FORM TWO
NOTES
by RAMADHANI ISSA
LISTENING TO VARIOUS SIMPLE ORAL
TEXTS
Listening to and Understanding Various Simple Oral Texts on
Various Issues
Answering Questions on Simple Oral Texts
Answer questions on simple oral texts
Listening is the ability to accurately receive and interpret
messages in the communication process. When we learn a language, there are four
skills that we need for complete communication. When we learn our native
language, we usually learn to listen first, then to speak, then to read, and
finally to write. These are called the four "language skills”.
Listening
Speaking
Reading
Writing
As you can see, listening is the first language skill. It is
perhaps the most important skill of all, and forms the basis for the other
three. Listening is key for all effective communication; without the ability to
listen effectively, messages are easily misunderstood – communication breaks
down and the sender of the message can easily become frustrated or irritated.
If there is one communication skill you should aim to master, listening is it.
When you are listening to text read by a teacher or anyone
else, in order to understand, the following must be done.
Figure
out the purpose of the text. Activate background knowledge of the topic in
order to predict or anticipate content and identify appropriate listening
strategies.
Attend
to the parts of the listening input that are relevant to the identified purpose
and ignore the rest. This selectivity enables you as students to focus on specific
items in the input and reduces the amount of information you have to hold in
short-term memory in order to recognise it.
Listen
for the main idea.
Predict
the content.
Listen
for specific details.
Recognise
word-order patterns.
Check
for comprehension while listening and when the listening task is over.
Draw
a conclusion.
Summarise.
Example 1
Listen to the following text and answer the questions that
follow:
The HIV is Human Immuno-deficiency Virus. It destroys the
human immune system. This virus causes AIDS – Acquired Immuno Deficiency
Syndrome – an incurable disease. This disease is caused by the virus which
prevents the formation of WBCs, White Blood Corpuscles – a constituent of blood
which is responsible for immunity. Destroying the WBCs and preventing their
formation, natural immunity which fights against diseases, is reduced making
the body prone to various diseases.
A person infected with HIV becomes carrier and can infect
other persons. This communicable disease is sexually transmitted; it is also
passed through body fluid and infected syringes and blood transmission.
This disease has spread rapidly worldwide, especially in poor
and developing nations, and poses a serious threat to human existence. Africa,
Asia, Latin America and other parts of the world have large populations who are
infected with the disease. In2000 about thirty-five million people were
infected with HIV, of which about 29 million are in the sub-Saharan region.
African and Asian countries have
highest spread of HIV, South Africa being the largest HIV infected land while
the largest number of HIV patients are in India . About 3 million people die
every year due to HIV/Aids.
No drugs or treatments have been proved effective to cure it,
even some primary stage treatments are very costly.
Reasons for its spread in poor countries:
1. These countries have most of the
population living under poor conditions and lacking proper nutrition, which
makes them more prone to the disease.
2. Lack of awareness about
preventative steps has resulted in the wide spread of HIV.
3. Some traditions and customs of
such countries have led to practices polygamy, multi-partner sex, prostitution,
which have spread the disease.
4. No or little policy implementation to create awareness and
prevention of the disease in poor countries.
Exercise 1
Answer the following questions:
1. What is HIV?
2. How is HIV transmitted?
3. What causes HIV?
4. In Africa which country has the
highest number of HIV victims?
5. What are the reasons for the higher spread of HIV in poor
countries?
Writing Down what is Read
Write down what is read
Activity 1
Tell another person to read for you loudly, then write down
what is read.
TALKING ABOUT EVENTS
Talking about Celebrations
Narrating what took place in a Given Celebration
Narrate what took place in a given celebration
When you are talking about an event, you have to know what
took place in that event. The events took place either at home, in your street,
school or nation wise. The event might be a celebration, an accident, elections
or a sport match or game. When you want to talk about an event you have to note
the following:
The
place where the event took place.
The
date and time of an event.
Participants
of that event; examples are the president, vice president, teachers, students
and other people.
Important
information and things that which took place like, awards, songs, deaths,
winners, losers etc.
Read
different stories to learn more.
Example 1
TALKING ABOUT A GRADUATION DAY CEREMONY AT OUR SCHOOL
My name is Jane and I am a form one student at James Sangu
secondary school in Mbeya region at Mbozi district. On the 12thof September there was a form four graduation ceremony at our
school. The ceremony started early at 8:00 am, the school bell rang and all
student gathered in the assembly ground. After that, the teacher on duty gave
all class leaders the event timetable, and told all of us to go to the assembly
hall and seat as we were arranged the day before. Students had their rows,
teachers sat on the time table and parents sat adjacent to the students.
At 9:00 am teachers entered in the assembly hall and all
students and parents who came earlier stood to show respect. The headmistress
then entered with the guest of honour; the Mbeya
regional commissioner MR Abass
Kandoro. After their entrance all students, teachers and others sat down. The
headmistress introduced the guest of honour to the audience, then introduced
teachers and the audience to the guest of honour. After the introductions there
was a short speech from the headmistress welcoming all to the event. After this
form two, and form four students sand farewell songs. A speech from a form four
student head prefect followed , after which there was a speech from the school
head and a closing speech by the guest of honour MR Kandoro.
After the speech Mr Kandoro handed out leaving certificates
to form four students and awards to the best students of the year from form one
to form four and I was among of them! I received a gift of Sh 50000 as the best
form one student and leading in seven subjects. I was so happy and surprised by
the money, which I'm planning to use to buy review books for my form two
national examinations.
After the awards all students and parents went to the dining
hall for lunch at 3:00. Mr Kandoro and the remaining staff had lunch in the
teachers‟ staff room. At 4:22 the graduation ceremony was delayed.
Exercise 1
1. What is the date of the event?
2. Who was the guest of honor?
3. What was the aim of the event?
4. What is the name of the school
which Jane is studying?
5. What is Jane planning to do with the money?
Talking about Accidents
Narrating what took Place in an Accident
Narrate what took place in an accident
Example 2
Personal Narrative- Car Accident
Disappointment, disbelief and fear
filled my mind as I lay on my side sandwiched between the cold, soft dirt and
the hot, slick metal of the car. The weight of the car pressed down on the
lower half of my body with monstrous force. It did not hurt, my body was numb.
All I could feel was the car hood's mass stamping my body father and farther
into the ground. My lungs felt pinched shut and air would neither enter nor
escape them. My mind was buzzing. What had just happened? In the distance, on
that cursed road, I saw cars driving by completely unaware of what happened,
how I felt. I tried to yell but my voice was unheard. All I could do was wait.
Wait for someone to help me or wait to die.
The third maddening buzz of my alarm woke me as I groggily
slid out of bed to the shower. It was the start of another routine morning, or
so I thought. I took a shower, quarrelled with my sister over which clothes she
should wear for that day and finished getting myself ready. All of this took a
little longer than usual, not a surprise, so we were running late. We hopped into
the interior of my sleek, white Thunderbird and made our way to school.
With music blasting, voices singing and talking, it was
another typical ride to school with my sister. Because of our belated
departure, I went fast, too fast. We started down the first road to our
destination. This road is about three miles long and filled with little hills.
As we broke the top of one of the small, blind hills in the middle of the right
lane was a dead deer. Without any thought, purely by instinct I pulled the wheel
of the car to the left and back over to the right. No big deal but I was going
fast. The car swerved back to the left, to the right, to the left. Each time I
could feel the car scratching the earth with its side. My body jolted with the
sporadic movements of the car. The car swerved to the right for the last time.
With my eyes sealed tight, I could feel my body float off the seat of the car.
I opened my eyes to see the black road in the distance above
me. I could feel the cold ground on the side of my body. I couldn't move and
couldn't understand why. It had happened so quickly. I lay there until my mind
comprehended what had happened. I was wedged between the hood of the car and
the dirt. The car rustled, every movement of the car pierced my body. It was my
sister. She was okay. I could see her slowly crawl out of the back seat window
then tear away. I opened my mouth to yell her name but air failed to escape my
lips. Gasping like a fish out of water, I dreamily lied there until someone
would help.
I heard an uneasy voice in the
distance, "Betsy! Oh my God! Betsy!" It was my dad. I was
disappointed and embarrassed of myself. I had let him down. My voice yelled for
help as my heart beat rapidly with fear and relief. The car jiggled. I could
feel the weight of the car lift slowly off me. For the first time, intense pain
struck my lower half. "Crawl out of there," someone yelled to me. I
pushed against the ground with all my might but I couldn't move. The pain was
excruciating, nevertheless I could not feel the lower half of my body. I felt
paralysed. Still struggling to move, I felt strong arms glide around my
shoulders and under my armpits. They drug me out of the way of the falling car.
My dad had saved me. As I lye on the weed covered ground, several people
surrounded me. I dreamily looked around and saw my sister sitting Indian style
next to me, plastered in blood. She had run barefoot to the nearest house to
call the police and my dad. She was my angel. We sat there in shock. Was it
just a dream? Everything had happened so fast. Every minute lying on that dirt
felt like a lifetime. Strangers kept poking every inch of my body and prodding
me with questions that I didn't have answers to. Finally, the ambulance
arrived. They rushed over to my sister and I. They asked me a number of
questions that I obliviously answered and started to get me ready to go. With a
bright orange brace around my neck they slowly pushed me onto a stiff
backboard. Each tiny movement they made pierced my lower half like a knife. We
finally made it into the ambulance and made our way to the hospital.
My sister and I were sent to Delta Hospital. My sister was
all right. She had stitches in her eye, head and elbow. I was relieved that she
was not severely injured. I don't know what I would have done if something
extremely bad had happened to her. I was sent to the Denver Memorial Hospital,
where I went under surgery that same night around midnight. A plate was put on
my hipbones to help them stay together. I was in the hospital for six days and
in a wheel chair for around eight weeks.
I have now realised how precious life really is and that it
can be taken away in a single minute. This is even easier when you are driving
a car. One little mishap can result in extreme injury or even death. I am lucky
that my sister is all right and that I lived. I will never forget that moment
when I was lying on the ground, disappointment flooding my mind, waiting.
Source:"Personal Narrative- Car Accident."
123HelpMe.com. 23 Dec 2015
http://www.123HelpMe.com/view.asp?id=18901
Talking about Elections
Narrating what took place in a Given Election
Narrate what took place in a given election
Activity 1
Narrate what happened during general Election of Tanzania in
October 2015.
Talking about Sports
Narrating what took place during a Sports Event
Narrate what took place during a sports event
Activity 2
Narrate what took place during a sports event between your
school and another neighbour school or between your class and another class.
Talking about Visits
Narrating what took place in a visit oneself made
Narrate what took place in a visit he/she made
Activity 3
Narrate what took place during a visit that you made during
your holidays.
ASKING FOR SERVICE
Making Telephone Calls
Making Telephone Calls Using Appropriate Language
Make telephone calls using appropriate language
Services: Thesupplying or supplier of utilities or commodities such as
water, transport, telephone, electricity, or gas, required or demanded by the
public.
Asking for services is the need of that service. Services are
intangible commodities. When you go for services you pay money but not all
services are seen in physical form, if you buy a voucher for telephone calls,
you just get minutes to speak, or if you go to the hospital the commodity you
get is the medicine to cure your health. In this topic we will talk more about
making telephone calls, reservation, and shopping.
Making telephone calls
The Telephone is an electronic device used for communicating with someone
who is far and who also has a phone. We have land line technology and mobile
technology.
Landline isthe earliest technology used almost all over the world. Landline uses
set of wires and cables that carry telephone signals under or over the ground .
This system uses an analog technologywhich cannot save numbers or receive
written messages, it saves only one function of calling by dialing a number
from the phone book to make a call. In this form of communication you need to
introduce yourself very well before you start speaking.
Example 1
FRANK: My name is frank, I am calling from Moshi and I need
to speak with Mr Juma Rajabu from your company.
RESPONSE: okay Mr. Frank, Mr. Juma is in a meeting, I am his
secretary can you leave a message?
FRANK: Just tell him Mr Frank called.
Things to Consider When Making Phone Calls
1. Have the number to call.
2. The name of the person you need to
speak to.
3. Have all of your personal info at
hand (if you are speaking to person who is new to you) when you introduce
yourself prefer your last name or the popular name you are using.
4. Be precise (go straight to the
point do not beat around the bush).
5. Use simple words and phrases;
avoid using complex vocabularies an vague words.
6. Always check your line to see if
its on air.
7. Consider the relationship you have
with the person you are speaking to.
8. Telephone calls pass through a
number of processes and systems of communication before they reach the intended
person. You may for instance, call Grace and begin insulting her, and later on
you come to know that you are not speaking to Grace but her mother. Cheating
and other misconducts are not allowed when making telephone calls.
9. Avoid monologue, allow the second
party to listen and respond to what you are telling him or her.
10. After finishing talking make sure you hang up the call to
save your money and avoid misunderstanding with the second party.
Importance of Telephone
Emergency Purposes: One of the most important contributions the telephone has
brought to the lives of people is the ability to call during emergencies. There
are over hundreds of emergency calls made every day in every country across the
globe.
Telephones are very helpful during emergency situations
because they are able to connect to the office or department you are calling
instead of going to the place yourself. Whencallingfor emergency help it is
important for you to speak slowly and clearly. This will help the authorities
understand you clearly. State your name, the location of the incident,
important phone numbers and the type of emergency you have, this allows fora
faster response by the authorities.
Business Purposes: Another great use for telephones is for business. Telephones
are a very important tool for handling business. Without telephones most
company's production growth would slow down causing loss in money. Telephones
are used by businessmen to call their fellow businessman or their partners in
business. Businessmen also use telephones to call for meetings.
Home Purposes: Finally, the most common use of the telephone is in the home
. Most families and homes in the Tanzania have a telephone or two. Families are
using telephones to call their relatives and friends.
Having a telephone at home also saves a lot of money for the
family. For example, if you want to talk to your relative who is living far,
you could simply use your telephone to talk to that relative instead of
travelling to them and spending huge amounts of cash. Aside from saving money,
having a phone also saves you precious time from travelling and lets you stay
at home.
Telephones should not be taken for granted and should be
valued. Even though there are new technologies today, like cell phones, internet,
and email, let's not forget that telephones are still great to use especially
if there is no electricity or during blackouts.
Talking about Reservations
Using Appropriate Expression for making Reservations
Use appropriate expressions for reservations
Reservations are required for all services of public
transport travelling for a long journey of more than 60 kilometers in Tanzania.
This is the process of obtaining a ticket to travel before the time or day of
departure.
The processof making a reservation
1. Make sure you know the date of
your journey.
2. You have a fare to travel.
3. You know the kind of transport you
will use to travel.
4. You know the office that can help you with the process.
Example 2
Mary is a student from Sangu secondary school in Mbeya,
School is closed and she wants to travell by bus to Mwanza. Let us see how she
is going to do a bus reservation at the Mbeya bus stand.
Mary: Good evening.
Customer care: Good evening, can I help you?
Mary: My name is Mary; I would like to travel to Mwanza on the 9th of December.
Customer care: It is Sh60 000 per person.
Mary: I am a student, are students not allowed to pay half price for long
journeys?
Customer care: Okay Mary you can pay Sh 30 000.
Mary: I am paying as we speak (prepare the ticket for me please).
Customer care: Don't worry (she is writing a ticket for Mary, and after two
minutes the ticket is ready)
Mary: Thank you!
Customer care: You are welcome!
Talking about Shopping
Using Appropriate Expressions when Shopping
Use appropriate expressions when Shopping
Activity 1
Create a dialogue of going shopping for clothes and shoes
LOCATING PLACES
Locating Important Places
Expressing the Location of Important Places
Express the location of important places
When you are locating places you have to use certain
prepositions to locate them. These prepositions are: At, in and on.
The prepositions at in and on can be confusing sometimes. The
following is an explanation of how to use these prepositions. These are at, on
and in.
At is
used to locate something at a certain point:
Example 1
At
the bus station
At
the entrance
At
the crossroads
At
the junction
At
the top of the mountain
At
John's house
We were waiting at the bus stop when it started to
rain. He was at the entrance of the theatre when he heard the noise.
In is
used to locate something enclosed in a space:
Example 2
In a
box
In a
car
In a
building
In
my pocket
In
my bag
In
New York
In
Spain
They found a lot of money in his pocket. I've lived in
London for two years
On is
used to indicate position above and in contact with the surface of
something.
Example 3
On
the wall
On
the door
On
the table
On
the ceiling
On
the carpet
On
the page
On
the cover
The picture on the wall is fantastic.You'll find more
information about the camp on this page.
For direction of important places we use words like, front,
back, beside, adjacent, opposite, top.
1. Front directions express something
which you face.
2. Back/ behind direction express
things which is in the side of your back
3. Beside/adjacent explain something
which is next to, closer or nearby
4. Opposite explain something which face another thing
Example 4
The first drawing is in front
of the second drawing, the second drawing in at the back of the first drawing,
and the third drawing is adjacent to the first drawing, while the third drawing
and fourth are opposite to each other
Other words to use is the right and left hands the direct a
person to go somewhere, for example; the second drawing is on the left hand of
the fourth drawing.
Activity 1
Direct a person to the hospital from your school.
Identifying Factual Information from the Media
Facts from the Media
Identify facts from the media
Analysing information from the media is the process of putting together
information and being able to answer factual and non factual questions.
Factual Information is usually brief. It gives indisputable answers to specific
questions. No explanation or analysis is needed. Examples of sources for
factual information are the encyclopedia, statistical compilations and
almanacs.
Example 5
DAR ASSURED OF QUALITY, MODERN
TRANSPORTATION
By The guardian reporter
7th December 2015
Permanent Secretary, Prime Minister's Office, Regional
Administration and Local Government, Jumanne Sagini. The Bus Rapid Transit
(BRT) interim service providers have assured the government and Tanzanians at
large that preparations for commencement of operations were going on well.
It is expected that the BRT system will start by January 10,
next year. The assurance came during a tour of the Permanent Secretary, Prime
Minister‟s Office, Regional Administration and Local Government, Jumanne Sagini
to inspect the buses that will offer transportation services. Few days ago,
Prime Minister, Kassim Majaliwa called for a speedy implementation of the
project. “We wanted to satisfy ourselves if the buses are ready to offer the
service,” Sagini who led other government officials told journalists. UDA-RT
Company owns the 140 brand new articulated buses that will be used in the BRT
system. The buses will use top-notch Information and Technology (IT) system in
fare collection, information, entertainments and other services. There will
also be special areas for disabled and elders. “The Prime Minister‟s directives
should be implemented as soon as possible,” Sagini told UDA-RT officials.The
chairperson, UDA-RT, Robert Kisena urged citizens to take care of the buses
once operations start. “Dar es Salaam dwellers and drivers of the buses will
have to take care of the buses once we start operations,” he said. He noted
that destroying the buses will be self defeating because the service is meant
to facilitate transportation in the country‟s commercial city.He noted that
installation of gadgets to be used in the buses has started and was ongoing for
the rest of the buses. The spokesperson of UDA-RT, Said Mabruk said all
required buses needed in the interim service were already in the country and
that it was his hope that the new transportation system will commence on time.
The drivers who will operate the buses have already been trained.
Also, the project‟s contractor is finalizing the
infrastructure needed, especially bus stations and terminals, on time.The BRT
project includes construction of 20.9 kilometre special trunk road froKimara
terminal to Kivukoni area, Msimbazi road from Fire to Kariakoo-Gerezani area
and a part of Kawawa Road from Magomeni to Morocco junction.It is anticipated
that by 2025, Dar es
Salaam will have 11.5 million
citizens and this according to experts calls for serious infrastructure
improvement. On-going phase one works of the project envisions reducing traffic
jams and congestion at Dar es Salaam.
Exercise 1
According to the passage what are factual claims? Identify
four of them.
Identifying Non-Factual Information from the Media
Non-Factual Information from the Media
Identify non-factual information from the media
Non factual information is information that cannot be verified or something
that did not actually happen. Opinions are not factual information.
Exercise 2
According to the same passage above what are the non factual
claims? Identify three of them.
GIVING DESCRIPTIONS
Describing Things
Things in Terms of their Quality
Describe things in terms of their quality
In English we use adjectives to describe things. An adjective
is a word which is used to express the quality, quantity and point out the
person or things. This is the word which is used to explain more about the noun
or pronoun. In this lesson we are going to learn to describe things according
to their quality and quantity. Adjective of quality; is an adjective used to
talk about the quality of a person or thing. These adjectives answer the
question ‘of what kind?’
Example 1
Greta is a good girl. (Ask the question „what kind
of girl?‟ and you get the answer „good‟.)
Rashid is hard working. (Ask the question „Rashid is of
what kind?‟ and you get the answer „hard working‟.)
Tanzanian tea is famous all over the world. (Ask the question „what
kind of tea?‟ and you get the answer „Tanzanian ‟.)
He is a gifted footballer. (Ask the question „what
kind of footballer?‟ and you get the answer „gifted‟.)
Exercise 1
Point out quantity and quality description words:
1. There were some plates on the
table.
2. Miss Kitty wore black shoes.
3. Peter helped the old man.
4. There were no biscuits in the tin.
5. King lifts the heavy box.
6. All members of Siyame family went
to the theatre.
7. There is sufficient food for you.
8. Mrs. Cow has a blue purse.
9. Baraka has enough money to buy the
bat.
10. Piggy has a long rope.
TALKING ABOUT CULTURAL ACTIVITIES
Talking about Games
How a Game Familiar to Oneself is Played
Explain how a game familiar to him/her is played
Cultural activities are activities which are done according to the culture of a
certain place. In Tanzania we have different cultural activities like
marriages, funerals, harvesting celebrations, ritual celebrations and games.
Games are physical or mental competitions that have rules and have
participants in direct opposition to each other. There are different types of
games, for example, football, basketball, handball, baseball, rugby, cricket,
tennis and netball.
Football or soccer is a game played between two teams of eleven players with a
spherical ball; it is played in a rectangular field with two goals at the end.
The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into a goal. The
goalkeepers are the only players allowed to touch the ball with their hands
while it is in play and only in their penalty area. Outfield players mostly use
their feet to strike or pass the ball, but can also use their heads or torsos.
The team that scores the most goals by the end of the game wins. If the score
is level at the end of the game, either a draw is declared or the game goes
into extra time and/ or a penalty shoot out depending on the format of the
competition.
Activity 1
Explain to your friend how familiar you are with football.
Talking about Marriages
Marriage Activities
Describe marriage activities
Marriage is a relationship between husband and wife or a ceremony in which two
people are married to each other. The type, function, and characteristics of
marriages vary from culture to
culture, and can change over time. In
general, there are two types: civil marriage and religious marriage, and
typically marriages employ a combination of both (religious marriages must
often be licensed and recognised by the state, and conversely civil marriages,
while not sanctioned under religious law, are nevertheless respected).
Types of marriage relationships
Monogamy
is a marriage to one partner.
Polygamy
when a man is married to more than one wife at a time.
Polyandry
when a woman is married to more than one husband at a time.
Marriage terms
Groomis a man who is getting married.
Bride
groomis a woman who
is getting married.
Wedding
ring is a ring worn
by a man and woman who are getting married
Wedding
cake is a cake
prepared for the wedding cerebration.
Exercise 1
Identify and explain marriage activities.
Talking about Funerals
What takes place in Funerals
Describe what takes place in funerals
Exercise 2
Write a story explaining how funerals are held in your
culture.
EXPRESSING OPINIONS
Expressing Point of View
Participating in a Debate on Familiar Issues
Participate in a debate on familiar issues
We express our opinions by participating in different
debates. Debate is contention in argument; strife, dissension,
quarrelling, controversy; especially a formal discussion of subjects before a
public assembly or legislature, in Parliament or in any deliberative assembly.
Debate is a method of formally presenting an argument in a disciplined manner.
Through logical consistency, factual accuracy and some degree of emotional
appeal to the audience are elements in debating, where one side often prevails
over the other party by presenting a superior "context" and/or
framework of the issue. The outcome of a debate may depend upon consensus or
some formal way of reaching a resolution, rather than the objective facts. In a
formal debating contest, there are rules for participants to discuss and decide
on differences, within a framework defining how they will interact.
A debate is comprising of a topic, (called motion) in which
there are two sides, the opposing and proposing sides, each debate have a
chairperson, (supervise the debate) secretary, (recording the points spoken)
time keeper (make people to keep time per regulations) and language
corrector(correct grammatical mistakes of speakers)
To avoid the wastage of time and people speaking out of time,
all debates have a time limit; you cannot have a debate without time limit.
The debate starts with the chairperson introducing the
audiences, participants, both sides, then participant start to explain their
views on a certain motion. After all controversies‟ of the two sides, the
chairperson will read all point all point and declare the winning group.
Activity 1
Arrange a two groups with your fellow students and start a debate
on whether having sex before marriage is right or wrong.
READING FOR COMPREHENSION
Reading and Obtaining General Information
Answering General Questions on Text Read
Answer general questions on text read
Reading for comprehension involves reading information from
different sources. It involves reading in details with specific aims and tasks
passages and information carefully with the aim of knowing all things about the
information‟s in the text.
In this part you are reading with the aim of being able to
answer comprehension questions. When you are answering comprehension questions,
the first thing to do is read the questions carefully before you read the
passage, after reading the questions, you have to read the whole passage while
remembering the questions. While reading you have to note all new vocabulary,
the main idea of information and specific ideas. When you are reading consider;
specific ideas which may lead you to summaries the passage, answer questions
and know the title, a good example of specific ideas are, definitions, reasons
or causes, importance, effects e.t.c . After doing all these, you go back to
the questions and answer them.
Example 1
Read the following passage and answer the questions that
follow.
ILO Convention No 138 refers to child labor as employment
below the minimum of age 15 and it state that 215 million children under 18
work full time around the word. Children are denied the right to education when
they are forced into the worst forms of labor, especially sexual exploitation,
child trafficking, heavy manual work in mining and agricultural plantations.
According to UNICEF in 2011, 90 of children involved in domestic labour are
girls.
In Sub Saharan Africa, which include developing countries
like Tanzania among every four children aged 5-17 compared to the countries
like Latin America where 1 among every ten children are engaged with work.
UNICEF 2010 estimated 20.7% of
children in Tanzania are involved in child labour which dropped compared to
2001 when national bureau of statistics estimated that 35.4% were child
labourers. According to the Tanzania legal and human rights centre 2012 human
rights report, child labour in Tanzania is facilitated by a number of reasons
including; poverty, family separation and pastoral communities which moves from
one place to another in search for water and pasture. This forces children to
drop out from school and are subjected to enforced labour, often times out of
necessity.
The constitution and laws of Tanzania state that “employing
child under 14 years old is an offence and employing any person below 18 years
in an environment that will endanger their life or affect the upbringing of the
child is an offence.‟
The employment and labour relations act of 2004 gives the
power to resident magistrate or district courts to impose punishment of 1 year
imprisonment or fines up to Sh5 million to any person found guilty under the
act. Child labour is also prohibited under the law of the child act of 2009.
Exercise 1
Write the title of the passage and summarise it in no more
than 20 words.
Reading and Obtaining Specific Information
Answer on Specific Information on a Text Read
Answer on specific information on a text read
Exercise 2
Using the same passage above, answer the following questions:
1. ILO convention 138, refers to
child labour as employment below the minimum of which age?
2. Children are denied the right to
education when they are forced into doing what?
3. According to UNICEF child labour is caused by what in
Tanzania?
4. What does the constitution and laws of Tanzania state
concerning child labour?
INTERPRETING LITERARY WORKS
Interpreting Simple Stories
The Message from Simple Stories Read
Explain the message from simple stories read
Reading is something most of us practice daily; we read
newspapers, magazine, novels and textbooks. However, reading a newspaper
differs from reading literature. For one thing, the purpose for reading each
one is different, and, therefore, the method must also vary. Reading literature
is usually required for your English learning. Although you may feel that
reading is the simple task of picking up your book and going through it from
cover to cover, there are certain hints that will make reading easier, more
understandable, and, in the long run, less time-consuming and more enjoyable.
Literature is an art which uses language carefully to portray
a message to society. The following are a few points that may help make your
next reading assignment easier to complete.
Analyzing short stories
In form One and now in form Two, you have read short
stories such as Mabala the Farmer and Kalulu the Hare. You must
make reading stories a habit especially if your school has a library. If you
do so your vocabulary will improved and you will gain confidence in taking
part in class discussions. Choose a book that you can finish reading in one
week. A short story is interesting if it answers the following features: Tittle
|
What is the meaning of the title? Who is the author?
|
Setting
|
Does the story happen in one place or many places? Does it
last for a short period or does it have several episodes at different times?
|
characters
|
Who are they? Do they change their habits? Why are they
interesting?
|
Plot
|
What problem does the main character face? How is the
problem solved? Is the story believable?
|
No comments:
Post a Comment